Verbs + Infinitives or Gerunds with Different Meanings
Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, but the verb + gerund and the verb +
infinitive have different meanings. These verbs are remember, forget, regret, stop, and try.
He always remembers to send his grandparents a gift on special holidays. (remember + infinitive =
remember to do a task)
He remembers sending gifts last year. (remember + gerund = remember having done something
in the past)
She sometimes forgets to call. (forget + infinitive = not remember to do a task)
She sometimes forgets calling. (forget + gerund = not remember having done something in the past)
I regret to tell you that I have a secret. (regret + infinitive = wish it were not necessary to do something)
I regret telling you my secret. (regret + gerund = wish it were possible to undo something done in the past)
We stopped to watch the sunset. (stop + infinitive = stop doing something in order to do something else)
We stopped watching the sunset. (stop + gerund = stop doing something)
I tried to reach them, but they didn’t answer the phone. (try + infinitive = make an attempt to do something)
I tried reaching them by email. (try + gerund = try a specific method to reach a goal)
Passive Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds
The passive form of an infinitive is: to + be + past participle.
Everybody wants to be respected by somebody.
The passive form of a gerund is being + past participle.
Being asked to settle an argument can be awkward.
Auxiliary Verbs after But and And
When an addition is made to a statement with but or and, often the main verb is not repeated. Instead, it is
replaced with an auxiliary verb.
but + subject + auxiliary
My sister isn’t good at remembering special occasions, but my mother is.
John doesn’t get frustrated easily, but Sam does.
and + subject + auxiliary + too (for positive sentences) or either (for negative sentences)
He enjoys outdoor activities, and his son does too.
We don’t like going for walks in this heat, and he doesn’t either.
Form, Meaning and Function
Present Perfect Progressive versus Present Perfect Simple
Use the present perfect progressive to say how long something has been happening.
Use the present perfect simple to say how many things have been done or how many times
something has been done.
Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Simple
Sandy and Amal have been discussing the differences They have decided that women talk about feelings more
in behavior between men and women for 2 hours. than men.
How long have you been discussing stereotypes? How many times have you discussed this issue?
Saeed has been driving since early this morning. He has driven 400 miles.
How long have you been driving? How many different models of car have you driven?
Use the present perfect progressive to talk about an annoying action or situation.
I haven’t slept at all. My phone has been ringing all night.
Who’s been eating the cakes? There is only one left!
Time Expressions with the Present Perfect Progressive:
How long, for, since, all day/ all week/ all month/ all year
They’ve been talking for over an hour. The children are getting bored.
Words Connected with Hobbies and Interests
Here are some words connected with popular free time activities. Write some words connected
with a hobby or interest of your own.
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Ahmed is a footballer. He has played every week since he was ten years old. He plays in his local team and they
have won many competitions and awards.
Sally is a bookworm. She loves reading novels and poetry. One day she hopes to be a writer.
Ali has always been fascinated with superheroes and comic books. They bring him much enjoyment and
happiness and he now has a collection of more than one thousand.
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
I’m not very good at playing sport.
I’m fascinated by traditional stories and books.
I’m interested in reading all sorts of stories.
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