Direct and Indirect Objects
A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb.
A direct object answers the question what or who.
John wrote the poem. John likes his new teacher.
An indirect object tells us to or for whom the action is done.
There must be a direct object for there to be an indirect object.
John wrote the poem for his mother. John read the poem to the audience.
If there is a preposition, the indirect object goes after the direct object.
She gave the remote control to me.
If there is no preposition, the indirect object goes before the direct object.
She gave me the remote control.
When the direct object is a pronoun, the pronoun goes before the indirect object.
She gave it to me
To and For Before Indirect Objects
Use to if the indirect object is receiving something. Use to with these verbs: bring, confess, give, hand,
lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, tell, and write.
Will you pass a pillow to me?
Note: The preposition to is not used when the indirect object comes before the direct object.
Will you pass me a pillow?
Use for if the indirect object is benefiting from some kind of help. Use for with these verbs: book, build, buy,
cook, find, get, keep, leave, make, order, and reserve.
My parents bought a new TV for me.
Note: The preposition for is not used when the indirect object comes before the direct object.
His parents are buying him a new TV for his graduation.
With some verbs, the indirect object always follows the direct object, and the preposition for cannot be omitted: answer, cash, change, close, fix, open, prepare, pronounce, and translate.
Can you please translate the program for me?
Form, Meaning and Function
Articles
We use the indefinite article a/an before singular nouns.
We use a before words that begin with a consonant sound: a TV show, a chef, a festival
We use an before words that begin with a vowel sound: an English class, an aunt, an uncle
We use the definite article the before singular and plural nouns:
the student the students
the mango the mangoes
Use the for objects that are one of a kind:
the Earth the sun the moon
the stars the sky the sea
Use the with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, mountain ranges, deserts, groups of states:
the Red Sea the Amazon the Eiffel Tower
the Arabian Desert the Alps the United States
Use no article before the names of days, months, people, streets, cities, countries, continents, mountains and islands:
Fahd is my brother. I live on Main Street. He’s in Dubai on vacation.
She went to Europe with her parents. Mount Olympus is in Greece. The festival starts in May.
Adjective Clauses and Relative Pronouns
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that describes or gives information about the noun that comes before it.
The language that he/she speaks at home is Arabic.
Relative pronouns relate clauses to nouns in adjective clauses. Use the relative pronoun who for people, and which
and that for things.
Note: The relative pronoun that can also be used when talking about people in general. However, when a particular
person is being referred to, who is preferred.
Relative Pronouns as Subjects of Adjective Clauses
Relative pronouns can be the subject of an adjective clause. Relative pronouns that are followed by a verb are
subject pronouns. Subject pronouns must always be included.
I am someone who loves watching quiz shows on TV.
Relative Pronouns as Objects of Adjective Clauses
Relative pronouns can also be the object of an adjective clause. Relative pronouns that are followed by a noun or
pronoun are object pronouns. Object pronouns can be omitted.
English is a language (that) many people find easy to learn.
Note: Whom is considered more correct than who when used as the object of an adjective clause. However, whom is very formal. In casual speech, either who is used or the relative pronoun is simply left out.
The TV personality (who[m]) I like best hosts Jeopardy! every Saturday night.
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