Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs work together with main verbs. The most common auxiliary verbs are do, have,
and be.
Use do with negative statements and questions and with affirmative and negative short answers.
She doesn’t like social networking websites.
Do you send lots of text messages? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Did Thomas answer your email? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
Use have with present perfect and past perfect affirmative and negative statements,
questions, and short answers.
She has (not) created her own website.
Has she posted any photos yet? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
Have you charged your cell phone? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
I had gotten his email an hour before he called me.
Use be with progressive affirmative and negative statements, questions, and short answers.
She is (not) answering her cell phone.
Is your cell phone working? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
He was using his brother’s cell phone yesterday.
Were you surfing the Internet last night? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
Also use be with passive affirmative and negative statements, questions, and short answers.
The Internet is (not) used by millions of people.
Were you given a password? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
Form, Meaning and Function
Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives
The Comparative
Use adjective + -er or more / less + adjective to make the comparative.
Email is a fast way to communicate. Instant messaging is faster than email.
Print newspapers are popular. Online newspapers have become more popular than print newspapers.
Smartphones are expensive. Cell phones are less expensive.
Note: The comparative is often used with than.
The Superlative
Use the + adjective + -est or the most / least + adjective to make the superlative.
Face-to-face courses are the fastest way to learn. Our online courses are the most popular.
F2F courses are expensive. Blended learning is less expensive. Our short online course is the least expensive
way to study.
Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
good–better–the best bad–worse–the worst
Need to Be (Done)
The TV needs to be fixed. (= Someone needs to fix the TV.)
The car seats need to be cleaned. (= Someone needs to clean the car seats.)
Have/Get Something (Done)
Use have or get, with the past participle, when someone else performs the service for you.
The rooms need to be decorated. We’re having/getting the rooms decorated.
The air conditioner needs to be repaired. We’re going to have/get the air conditioner repaired.
The house needed to be painted. We had/got the house painted.
Past Participles as Adjectives
break–broken The cell phone was broken. I threw away the broken cell phone.
crack–cracked The tablet’s screen was cracked. I got the cracked screen replaced.
damage–damaged The laptop was damaged. The computer technician fixed the damaged laptop.
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