Gerunds After Verbs
Gerunds are the -ing form of a verb. They act like nouns and answer the question what.
I recommend turning off the lights when you leave the room.
Our class enjoys learning about ways to help the environment.
We use gerunds after certain verbs, such as:
advise enjoy intend quit
begin finish keep recommend
can’t stand go like start
consider hate love stop
continue imagine prefer suggest
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Infinitives After Verbs
An infinitive is to + the base form of a verb. Like gerunds, infinitives act like nouns and
answer the question what.
Don’t forget to reuse that plastic container.
Do they intend to buy a hybrid car?
We use infinitives after certain verbs, such as:
agree continue intend offer start
ask* decide learn plan try
attempt expect* like prefer want*
begin forget love promise
can’t stand hate need* remember
*These verbs can be followed by an object before the infinitive.
They want to plant a garden. / They want us to plant a garden.
Form, Meaning and Function
Simple Present Tense
Use the simple present tense for facts or things that are true in general.
The Saudi Riyal (RS) is the official currency of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
It takes one million years for a glass bottle to decompose.
My parents don’t read printed newspapers anymore.
Does Qatar belong to the United Arab Emirates?
Simple Present versus Present Progressive
Use the simple present to talk about habits or routines.
Use the present progressive for actions occurring now or for a temporary situation.
The temperatures change with the seasons of the year. (habit or routine)
The temperatures in the poles are changing drastically. (happening now)
PERMANENT TEMPORARY
John lives in Quebec, but he is studying in France this year.
Note: Some verbs are not often used in the progressive form:
believe, forget, hear, know, like, love, need, prefer, remember, see, understand, want, realize.
Time Expressions for the Present
We are currently studying for examinations. At present there are measures in place to tackle climate change.
Most people recycle these days. Air travel is more affordable now than it was in the past.
Conditional Sentences with Present and Future Forms
You can use conditional sentences with if to talk about causes and results.
Present Facts
Use the simple present tense in both clauses.
If you cook an egg in the microwave, it explodes.
If you put water in the freezer, it becomes ice.
Future Facts
Use the simple present in the if-clause and the future with be going to or will in the result clause.
If we don’t take measures now, the oceans will soon be completely depleted of fish.
If Imad doesn’t go to college, he’s going to be very sorry.
May/Might
Use may/might in the result clause to suggest something is possible, but not certain.
If Nura doesn’t do the homework, she may fail the class.
If Imad doesn’t go to college, he might not get a good job.
I’d Rather
Use I’d rather (= I would rather) to talk about preferences.
A: Would you rather go to the mall now or later?
B: I’d rather go now.
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