شرح قاعدة Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice منهج Flying High 6

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Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice – present

Use

• We use have to to talk about things which are obligatory or

necessary. It often describes obligations imposed on us by other

people and authorities.

• We use don’t have to to talk about things which are not

obligatory or necessary.

• We use must to talk about rules, regulations and obligations. It

often describes obligations that come internally, from ourselves.

• We use mustn’t to talk about prohibitions.

• We use need to to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary.

• We use don’t need to or needn’t to talk about things which

are not obligatory or necessary. With needn’t we do not use to

before the infinitive.

• We use can’t to refuse permission.

• We use should, shouldn’t, ought to, had (’d) better to

give and ask for advice and recommendations. Had better is

especially for when we think we should do something because

it’s a good idea. Ought to and had (’d) better are slightly less

common in negative and question forms.

Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice – past

Use

• We use had to to talk about things which were obligatory or necessary.

• We use didn’t have to to talk about things which were not obligatory or necessary.

• We use needed to to talk about things which were obligatory or necessary.

• We use didn’t need to to talk about things which were not obligatory or necessary, and so we didn’t do them.

• We use needn’t have + past participle to talk about things that were not obligatory or necessary but we did them.

• We use wasn’t/weren’t allowed to to talk about past prohibitions.

• We use couldn’t to talk about things that were prohibited or not possible.

• We use should/ought to have, shouldn’t have + past participle to criticise past actions or to say that they were a mistake.

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