مواضيع لتعلم اللغة الانجليزية مفيدة للجميع: أبريل 2018

الاثنين، 30 أبريل 2018

شرح قاعدة Conditionals منهج Flying High 6 ثالث ثانوي الترم الثاني

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Conditionals

Zero, first, second and third conditionals

We use the zero conditional to talk about situations that are generally or always true.

If + present simple, ... present simple If you don’t water plants, they die.

We use the first conditional to talk about possible and probable situations in the future, and their consequences.

If + present simple, ... will + infinitive If you eat junk food, you will put on weight.

We use the second conditional to talk about imaginary or improbable situations and their consequences. The imaginary or improbable

sentences are in the present or future, not in the past.

If + past simple, ... would/wouldn’t + infinitive If I had a million SAR, I’ d travel the world.

We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary or impossible situations in the past and their consequences. The situations are impossible

because we cannot change them now that they have happened.

If + past perfect, ... would/wouldn’t have + past participle If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

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شرح قاعدة Speculation and deduction: Past, present and future منهج Flying High 6

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Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – present and future

Use

• We use must when we are 90 per cent certain that something is true.

• We use may, might, could, may not, mightn’t when there is a 50 per cent possibility that something is true (or not).

• We use can’t when we are 90 per cent certain that something is not true.

Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – past

Use

• We use must have + past participle when we are 90 per cent certain that something was true.

• We use may have, might have, could have, may not have, mightn’t have + past participle when there is a 50 per cent

possibility that something was true (or not).

• We use can’t have + past participle when we are 90 per cent certain that something was not true.

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شرح قاعدة Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice منهج Flying High 6

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Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice – present

Use

• We use have to to talk about things which are obligatory or

necessary. It often describes obligations imposed on us by other

people and authorities.

• We use don’t have to to talk about things which are not

obligatory or necessary.

• We use must to talk about rules, regulations and obligations. It

often describes obligations that come internally, from ourselves.

• We use mustn’t to talk about prohibitions.

• We use need to to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary.

• We use don’t need to or needn’t to talk about things which

are not obligatory or necessary. With needn’t we do not use to

before the infinitive.

• We use can’t to refuse permission.

• We use should, shouldn’t, ought to, had (’d) better to

give and ask for advice and recommendations. Had better is

especially for when we think we should do something because

it’s a good idea. Ought to and had (’d) better are slightly less

common in negative and question forms.

Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice – past

Use

• We use had to to talk about things which were obligatory or necessary.

• We use didn’t have to to talk about things which were not obligatory or necessary.

• We use needed to to talk about things which were obligatory or necessary.

• We use didn’t need to to talk about things which were not obligatory or necessary, and so we didn’t do them.

• We use needn’t have + past participle to talk about things that were not obligatory or necessary but we did them.

• We use wasn’t/weren’t allowed to to talk about past prohibitions.

• We use couldn’t to talk about things that were prohibited or not possible.

• We use should/ought to have, shouldn’t have + past participle to criticise past actions or to say that they were a mistake.

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الأحد، 29 أبريل 2018

شرح قاعدة So/such/too/enough منهج Flying High6 ثالث ثانوي الفصل الدراسي الثاني

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So, such, too, enough

Use

• We use so to intensify the meaning of adjectives and adverbs.

She’s so hard-working. She works so hard.

• We use too to say that something is excessive. It is not the same as

very because it has a negative meaning.

A: He’s very clever. (= positive)

B: Yes, but sometimes he’s too clever. (= negative)

• We use such to intensify the meaning of nouns, with or without

adjectives. We use a/an after such when we continue with a

singular countable noun, but not with uncountable/plural nouns.

It’s such an interesting topic. It’s such a pity.

He asks such difficult questions.

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شرح قاعدة Articles منهج Flying High6 ثالث ثانوي الفصل الدراسي الثاني

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Article

A/An

• We use a/an with singular, countable nouns. We use it when we

mention something for the first time, or to say that the person or thing

is one of a number of things or people.

I’ve got a computer. It’s a laptop.

• We use a/an to say what somebody’s profession is.

He’s a scientist.

The

• We use the with countable (singular and plural) and uncountable nouns.

We use it to refer to something or somebody previously mentioned.

I’ve got a computer. The computer’s really fast.

• We also use the to talk about specific things or people.

The computer I bought was quite cheap.

The lecturers in that university are really good.

• We use the to talk about something unique, something that

there is only one of.

the sun, the government (in a particular country), the floor, the world

• We use the with superlative adjectives and adverbs.

No article

• We do not use an article with plural countable nouns or

uncountable nouns when we are talking about people or things

in general.

Scientists say that animals have complex brains.

I like biology.

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شرح قاعدة Making comparisons منهج Flying High6 ثالث ثانوي الفصل الدراسي الثاني

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Making comparisons

• We usually make comparative and superlative adverbs with more

and the most.

carefully more carefully, the most carefully

• With these adverbs we add -er and the -est.

fast faster, the fastest

• These adverbs are irregular.

well better, the best

badly worse, the worst

little (determiner) less, the least

Use

• Less is the opposite of more.

Animals are less intelligent than humans.

(= Humans are more intelligent than animals.)

• We use as … as to say two things are the same.

Rats are as clever as cats.

• We use not as … as or not so ... as to say that the second

person or thing is more … than the first one.

Animals aren’t as intelligent as humans. ( = Humans are

more intelligent than animals.)

• We use The + comparative, the + comparative to talk about

two things that happen together.

The faster I run, the more tired I feel.

The harder you study, the better your results.

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السبت، 28 أبريل 2018

شرح قاعدة Past and present habits منهج Flying High6 ثالث ثانوي الفصل الدراسي الثاني

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Past and present habits

• We use used to and would to talk about past habits, things we did regularly in the past but don’t do now.

We cannot use used to and would to talk about single events in the past. In this case, we use the past simple.

• We use would with past actions but not past states. He would come and visit us on Sundays. NOT He would have a bike.

• We do not usually use wouldn’t to talk about past habits. He didn’t use to give us presents. NOT He wouldn’t give us presents.

• When we give a period of time, we use the past simple, not used to.

She used to work in a factory. She worked there for five years. NOT She used to work in a factory for five years.

• The common way of talking about present habits is with the present simple. I often listen to the radio.

• We use the present continuous with always, constantly, forever, continually for habits that are irritating or annoying. When we speak, we

stress always, constantly, forever, continually to emphasize this. My two brothers are always fighting.

• We also use the present continuous with always, constantly, forever, continually for habits that are in some way unusual. She has a very

difficult life but she’s always smiling.

• We can use will for repeated or habitual behaviour. We put stress on will when we are annoyed or irritated. They’ ll sit there for hours.

He will interrupt me when I’m speaking.

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شرح قاعدة Past perfect منهج Flying High6 ثالث ثانوي الفصل الدراسي الثاني

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Past perfect simple and continuous

• We use the past perfect simple to talk about actions that happened before another action or actions in the past.

It gives importance to the completion of an activity. When the interview had finished, I left.

• We use the past perfect continuous to talk about actions that happened before another action or actions in the past.

It gives importance to the duration of an activity. I was tired because I had been studying all night.

• To make the past perfect continuous, we use had + been + verb –ing.

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شرح قاعدة Gerunds and infinitives 1 منهج FlyingHigh6 ثالث ثانوي الترم الثاني

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Gerunds and infinitives 2

• Some verbs can go before the gerund or the

infinitive with no difference in meaning.

She started to work there in 2009.

= She started working there in 2009.

Other verbs like this: begin, can’t bear, can’t

stand, continue, hate, love, prefer

• With other verbs before the gerund or

infinitive, there is an important difference in

meaning, eg,

stop to do: you stop one activity because you want or need to do another

activity

stop doing: you are doing something and then you stop

remember to do: you remember you need to do something and then you do it

remember doing: you do something and then you remember it later

forget to do: you don’t do something that you intended to do

forget doing: you did something but now you don’t remember it

like to do: you do something because you think it’s a good idea

like doing: you do something because you enjoy doing it

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شرح قاعدة Present perfect ثالث ثانوي الترم الثاني FlyingHigh6

Past perfect simple and continuous

• We use the past perfect simple to talk about actions that happened before another action or actions in the past.

It gives importance to the completion of an activity. When the interview had finished, I left.

• We use the past perfect continuous to talk about actions that happened before another action or actions in the past.

It gives importance to the duration of an activity. I was tired because I had been studying all night.

• To make the past perfect continuous, we use had + been + verb –ing.

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Past and present habits