Simple Present of the Verb Be
Use the simple present of the verb be to talk about situations and events that exist in the
present or that are always true.
I’m on vacation. Riyadh is in Saudi Arabia.
Yes-No Questions (?) Short Answers (+) Short Answers (–)
Are you here on vacation? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is Ahmed happy in his new job? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Is it very cold in your country? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Is the museum open on Sundays? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Are you here for the festival? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Are they from Egypt? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Information Questions: How, What, When, Where, Who, Why
How’s it going? (How + is) Fine, thanks.
What’s your last name? (What + is) It’s Al Zahrani.
When’s the festival? (When + is) It’s in February.
Where’s your friend from? (Where + is) He’s from Jeddah.
Who’s that tall man? (Who + is) That’s my uncle.
Why’s he here? (Why + is) He’s here for the festival.
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Form, Meaning and Function
Prepositions of Place: across from, between, next to, on, near, far from
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Present Progressive
Use the present progressive for actions happening now.
Information Questions (?)
Affirmative (+)
Negative (–)
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Form, Meaning and Function
Imperatives
Use the imperative for commands and instructions.
Say please to be polite.
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Prepositions: inside, outside, in front of, behind, away, over, under
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Simple Present Tense
Use the simple present to talk about things that are true in general or that happen all the time.
Affirmative (+)
Negative (–)
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Wh- Questions in the Simple Present
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Verb Want + Infinitive
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Form, Meaning and Function
Relative Pronouns: Who, That, Which
Relative clauses add information about a noun in the main clause.
Use the relative pronoun who or that for people.
Use the relative pronoun that or which for things and animals.
The waiter is serving the customers. He is friendly.
The waiter who/that is serving the customers is friendly. (relative clause)
My uncle works in a factory. The factory makes cars.
My uncle works in a factory that/which makes cars. (relative clause)
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Questions with How often? Frequency Expressions: once a week, etc.
How often do you work out? I work out every day / once a week /
twice a week / three times a week.
Adverbs of Frequency: always, often, never, usually, sometimes, seldom
Q: What does she usually do on Thursdays? Q: What do you sometimes do at night?
A: She usually goes shopping. A: I sometimes go out.
Adverbs of frequency usually come after the verb be or before other verbs.
However, you can say Sometimes I go out or I sometimes go out.
Know How To
I know how to ski. (= I can ski.) I don’t know how to ski. (= I can’t ski.)
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Form, Meaning and Function
Gerunds after Verbs
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Infinitives after Verbs
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Count/Noncount Nouns
Count nouns name things that you can count: one carrot, two carrots, etc. They have singular and plural forms.
Singular Count Nouns
Plural Count Nouns
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Expressions of Quantity: Some / Any
Use some in affirmative statements.
Use any in negative statements and in questions.
Use some/any with noncount nouns and with plural nouns.
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Would Like
Partitives
We say: a bottle of juice, a cup of coffee, a glass of water, a piece of cake.
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Form, Meaning and Function
Too and Enough
Too can be placed before adjectives.
I don’t like the soup. It’s too salty.
Too much can be placed before noncount nouns and too many before count nouns.
I don’t like the soup. There’s too much salt in it.
I don’t like the soup. There are too many carrots in it.
Enough can be placed after adjectives.
Don’t add more salt. The soup is salty enough.
Enough can be placed before count and noncount nouns.
We have enough eggs, but we don’t have enough sugar.
A phrase with too or enough can be followed by an infinitive phrase.
The soup is too hot to eat.
I have enough vegetables to make a salad.
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Simple Past Tense: be
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Simple Past Tense: Regular and Irregular Verbs
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11
Form, Meaning and Function
Intensifiers
We use adverbs like very, quite, really, pretty, and extremely to make adjectives stronger.
These adverbs are normally placed before the adjective.
It’s a very interesting exhibit. Everyone was pretty excited.
It’s a really interesting exhibit. Everyone was extremely excited.
It’s quite an interesting exhibit. Everyone was quite excited.
Note: When there is a singular noun, quite goes before the article.
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Intensifiers with Strong Adjectives
Strong adjectives are words like:
enormous; huge = very big tiny = very small
brilliant = very clever certain = very sure
excellent; wonderful; great = very good awful; terrible = very bad
fantastic; amazing; awesome = very good delicious = very tasty
We do not use very with strong adjectives. We can use adverbs like
absolutely, completely, totally, really, pretty, and quite.
The cake is very tasty. The cake is absolutely delicious.
Are you really sure? Are you totally/quite certain?
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3
There Was / There Were
Singular Plural
There was an accident. (+) There were three accidents this week. (+)
There wasn’t a traffic light. (–) There weren’t many cars in the street. (–)
Why / Because
Q: Why are you worried? Q: Why did the driver start to shout?
A: Because I have a test tomorrow. A: Because he was angry.
Adverb: Ago
They saw Ahmed in his office 10 minutes ago.
Pronouns: Someone, No One, Nothing, Anything
Someone helped the driver get out of the car. Did you hear anything?
Fortunately, no one was hurt in the accident. I didn’t hear anything. I was asleep.
And nothing was wrong with the car.
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11 Form, Meaning and Function
Because versus So
The subordinate conjunction because introduces a reason—it tells why.
The conjunction so introduces a consequence or a result.
Most accidents happen because people don’t pay attention.
He didn’t see the stop sign, so he caused an accident.
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So and Neither
So… and Neither both show agreement with the speaker.
So… shows agreement with an affirmative statement.
Neither… shows agreement with a negative statement.
A: I’m a careful driver. A: I’m not tired right now.
B: So am I. B: Neither am I.
A: I have some good news. A: I never lose my cool.
B: So do I. B: Neither do I.
A: I just heard a crash. A: I didn’t watch the news last night.
B: So did I. B: Neither did I.
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الوحدة 8
Should/Shouldn’t
Use should/shouldn’t to give and ask for advice.
Q: What should I do about my bad grades? Q: What should I do when I have a stomachache?
A: You should study more. A: You shouldn’t eat so much.
Clauses with When
Q: What do you do when you have a cold? Q: What did you do when you had the flu?
A: I usually take some aspirin. A: I stayed in bed.
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Form, Meaning and Function
جدول
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject Pronouns take the place of the subject in a sentence. They come before the verb.
Tom likes football. He likes football.
Object Pronouns take the place of the object in a sentence. They come after the verb.
Tom likes football. He likes it.
Possessive Adjectives show who owns something. They go before a noun.
Tom’s favorite sport is football. His favorite sport is football.
Possessive Pronouns show ownership. They take the place of a noun.
It’s not Tom’s football. It’s my football. It’s not his. It’s mine.
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