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Past Simple
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• We form the Past Simple of regular verbs by adding –ed to the base form of the main verb.
The Past Simple form is the same for all persons in the singular and in the plural.
work ➝ worked walk ➝ walked clean ➝ cleaned
• Each irregular verb forms the affirmative form of the Past Simple in a different way. You
can find these verbs in the Table of Irregular Verbs on page 72.
go ➝ went buy ➝ bought sit ➝ sat
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• Verbs ending in –e, take only –d.
explore - explored
• Verbs with one syllable ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant before
the –ed.
stop - stopped
• Verbs with two or more syllables ending in a stressed vowel + one consonant, double the
consonant before the –ed.
prefer - preferred but visit - visited (the last syllable isn’t stressed)
• Verbs ending in a consonant + -y, change the y to i before the –ed.
try - tried but play - played
• Verbs ending in one vowel + l, double the –l before the –ed.
travel - travelled but sail - sailed (the verb ends in two vowels +-l)
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We use the Past Simple:
• for actions that took place at a definite time in the past.
We bought our house five years ago.
• for habitual or repeated actions in the past.
I always went to bed early when I was a student.
• for completed actions that happened one after the other in
the past.
Yesterday, I got up at 8:00, had breakfast and left for school.
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Past Simple of the verb be
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Module (2b) The verb could
Adverbs of manner
(a) The verb could
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• Could is the past tense of can. We use it to express ability in the past.
My brother could speak English when he was seven.
(b) Adverbs of manner
• Adverbs of manner describe the way in which something happens and usually answer
questions beginning with how.
Spelling:
• We form most adverbs of manner by adding –ly to the corresponding adjective.
quiet ➝ quietly careful ➝ carefully
• Adjectives ending in a consonant + y, drop the –y and
take –ily.
easy ➝ easily
• Adjectives ending in –le, drop the –e and take –y.
terrible ➝ terribly
NOTE:
• Each irregular adverb
of manner is formed in
a different way.
Irregular Adverbs
ADJECTIVES
good
fast
hard
early
late
ADVERBS
well
fast
hard
early
late
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Present Simple vs Past Simple
Personal Pronouns
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(a) Present Simple vs Past Simple
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• The Present Simple is used for actions that happen regularly and for situations that are
always the same. We form the question and negative form with Do / Does and don't /
doesn't.
• The Past Simple is used for actions that happened in the past and for past situations. We
form the question and negative form with Did and didn't.
Personal Pronouns
• Subject personal pronouns are
used to show who or what does
something. They replace proper
nouns or common nouns and go
before the verb as subjects.
Look at that house! It’s amazing!
• Object personal pronouns are
used after verbs as objects or
after prepositions.
Scott is so funny.
Look at him!
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
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