Past Perfect Simple

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We form the Past Perfect Simple with had and the Past Participle of the verb.

We use the Past Perfect Simple:

• for an action which took place before another action in the past (in

time clauses with before, after, when, by the time). We use the

Past Perfect Simple for the action that happened first and the Past

Simple for the action that followed.

When I got there, the museum had closed.

• for an action which took place before a specific point of time in the past.

She had finished her homework by 6 o'clock.

\\\

NOTE: 

The Past Perfect Simple of the verb have is had had.

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Past Simple - Past Progressive

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We use the Past Progressive:

• for actions that were happening at a specific point of time in the past.

I was sleeping at 11 o’clock yesterday evening.

• to describe background scenes to a story.

It was snowing and the town was white and peaceful.

• for actions that were happening at the same time in the past. In this case we usually use while.

While I was watching TV, my brother was playing computer games.

• for an action that was happening in the past and was interrupted by another action. We use the

Past Progressive for the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter action. We usually

use as, while and when.

We were entering the house when the phone rang.

NOTE:

Stative verbs are not usually used in the Past Progressive.

Time clauses (b when, while, as, as soon as)

Time clauses are introduced with when, while, as, and as soon as.

I was preparing lunch while they were watching TV.

As soon as he arrived at the airport, he called me.

NOTE: 

• When the time clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by

a comma. When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not

separated by a comma.

• We use when or as soon as + Past Simple (time clause) + Past Simple (main clause) for

two actions that happened one after the other in the past.

As soon as they left, I went to bed.

When I turned on the TV, I saw the bad news.

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Question tags

Question Tags

rammar

Question Tags are short questions which are placed at the end of statements.

Question tags:

• are formed with the auxiliary (be, do, etc.) or modal verb (can, must, etc.) of the main

sentence + a personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, etc.) in the same person as the subject.

If the sentence does not contain an auxiliary or a modal verb, we use do, does or did,

depending on the tense of the verb.

Hassan is a doctor, isn’t he?

Peter and Mark joined the gym, didn’t they?

You can swim, can’t you?

• take not when the sentence is affirmative.

John is at the gym, isn’t he?

• don’t take not when the sentence is negative.

Jim didn’t join the aerobics class, did he?

We use question tags:

• when we are not sure about something.

Karate is only for boys, isn’t it?

• when we are sure about something and we expect

the person we are speaking to to agree with what we

are saying.

You don’t like lifting weights, do you?

NOTE: 

Be careful with the following question tags:

I am a very good writer, aren’t I?

Let’s go to the park, shall we?

Open that door, will you?

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Prepositions of time - place - movement

Prepositions of Place

in    He’s in his room.

on    The pencils are on the desk.

at     I’ll wait at the bus stop.

under     Sam is reading under the tree.

near    Is there a hospital near your house?

behind    Look who’s hiding behind the car.

over     There’s a family picture over the sofa.

opposite    The library is opposite the bookshop.

next to     He sat next to me at the festival.

in front of        I can’t see because he’s in front of me.

between       The café is between the bank and the post office.

NOTE:

The prepositions on, in and at are used in various other expressions:

on: with the expressions: on the left, on the right

in: with names of continents, countries, cities, villages: in Europe, in Saudi Arabia, in Beijing,

in Buraydah

at: with confined areas: at the post office, at the airport, etc.

with addresses: He lives at 34 Rose Street.

with the expressions: at work, at home, at school, etc.

to     She’s going to the supermarket.

up     They ran up the hill.

down    He rode the bike down Lane Street.

into    Don’t come into the house with those dirty shoes.

out of      He threw litter out of the window.

through This road goes through the forest.

across    The little boy ran across the road to catch the ball.

along   They walked along the river.

from    Nasir comes home from work at 5 o’clock every day.

around    I jog around the block every morning.

towards    The children came towards me.

off     Steve fell off the bike.

over     The thief jumped over the fence and ran away.

past    He walked past Jack but he didn’t see him.

NOTE:

• We do not use any prepositions with the word home when it is used with verbs which

denote movement.

I didn’t call you because I got home late.

• We use the preposition by with means of transport:

by car, by plane, by train, by ship, by taxi, etc. but on foot

I usually go to work by train.

• If there is an article (a/an, the) before means of transport, we use on or in:

in the car, in a taxi, on the train, on the plane, on the ship, etc.

There are a lot of passengers on the train.

I saw Yusef in a taxi.

Prepositions of Time

at to show the exact time:

in the expressions:

on with the days of the week: 

with dates: 

in the expressions:

in with periods of the day:

with months and seasons: 

with years and centuries: 

in the expression:

but 

on Sunday morning

during He was talking to John during the lesson.

after He went to the park after school.

before He went jogging before breakfast.

from... till/until/to We practise from two till/until/to five.

for I’ve known John for two years.

since He’s lived there since 2002.

by I will be home by lunchtime.

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Present Perfect Simple + Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple + for-since

• Danny hasn’t been to a summer camp before, but he

has decided where he wants to go.

• A: Have you ever tried water skiing?

B: No, I haven’t but I’ve always wanted to.

A: I’ve done it twice.

NOTE:

• Ted has gone to camp. (He’s still there.)

• Ted has been to camp twice. (He has stayed at the camp twice but he isn’t there now.)

Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple

A: I’ve heard this story many times before.

B: I heard it yesterday for the first time.

for + a period of time

• I have known Pete for two years.

• They have had this car for eight months.

since + a specific point in time

• He has had this motorbike since April.

• We have been friends since we finished college.

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All / Both / Neither / None / Either

Both/All/Neither/None/Either

We use both:

• in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural

verb and it indicates that something is true

for two people or things.

Ameer and Khaled are from Saudi Arabia.

Both of them live in Riyadh.

They both live in Riyadh.

We use all:

• in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural verb

and it indicates that something is true for

more than two people or things.

Jack and his parents like skiing.

All of them like skiing.

They all like skiing.

NOTE:

Circle the correct words.

Alan So, did you bring any computer games?

Bill Yeah, I brought four so you can choose. Here...

Alan Sorry Bill, but I’ve played all four of these.

And they’re old and boring.

Bill Really? Now what? Let’s watch TV.

Alan I checked the TV guide. None of the

programmes are any good. I don’t want to

watch them.

Bill Hey, what about this documentary about

tigers?

Alan I didn’t see that. I like documentaries.

Bill Me too. Now let’s order something to eat.

Indian or Chinese?

Alan Either is fine.

Bill OK. Indian then.

1. All / None / Neither of the computer games Bill brought are new.

2. Neither / Either / Both of the boys want to watch the documentary.

3. Alan likes all / either / both Indian and Chinese food.

Both and all are usually followed by a noun or of + noun / pronoun. When they refer to the

subject of the sentence, they can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the

main verb but after the verb be.

All/Both (of) my classmates can speak French. My classmates can all/both speak French.

All/Both of them can speak French.

We use neither:

• in affirmative sentences to give them a

negative meaning. It takes a singular or

plural verb. It shows that something is not

true for either of two people or things.

Fred and Tom are lazy.

Neither of them exercises/exercise.

We use none:

• in affirmative sentences to give them a

negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural

verb. It shows that something is not true for

more than two people or things.

My friends and I are travelling to London next

week. None of us has/have ever been to

Great Britain before.

NOTE:

Neither and none are usually followed by of + noun / pronoun.

Neither/None of the children like chicken.

Neither/None of them like chicken.

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Future will

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Time Clauses (Present - Future)

• The children will go to bed after they brush their teeth.

• Mark will make an appointment before he goes to the doctor.

• When Ken arrives, we’ll order pizza.

• We’ll wait here until John returns.

• I’ll tell Robert the good news as soon as I see him.

Conditional Sentences Type 1
• We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 to express something which is likely to happen in the
present or future.
• Conditional Sentences consist of the if-clause and the main clause. When the if-clause
is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. We do not use a
comma when the if clause is after the main clause.
If you come round this afternoon, I’ll give you your book back.
I’ll give you your book back if you come round this afternoon.

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Note: 
Unless can be used instead of if … not.
We’ll play football tomorrow unless it rains. (=We’ll play football tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.)

Time Clauses b (Present - Future)
Time clauses define when the action described in the main clause takes place. Time clauses begin with
the words when, after, before, as soon as, until, etc. When a time clause refers to the present or the
future, the verb is in the Present Simple and the verb in the main clause is in the Future Will. We don’t
use will in a time clause.

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NOTE: 
When the time clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by
a comma. When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not
separated by a comma.
He will go out after he finishes his homework.

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Relative pronouns: who / which / that + Relative adverb: where

Relative pronouns/adverb

The Relative pronouns who, which, that and the Relative adverb where introduce relative clauses,

which give information about the subject or object of the main clause.

• Who is used for people.

Bill is the person who gave me this book.

Alexander Graham Bell was the scientist who invented the telephone.

• Which is used for animals, things and abstract nouns.

Have you seen the cake which I prepared for Mary?

Lions are animals which live in Africa.

• That is used for people, animals, things and abstract nouns. It can replace who and which.

Here are the shoes that I bought last week.

Ameer is the student that won the competition.

• Where indicates place.

This is the building where I used to live as a child.

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The verb used to

The verb used to

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• T he verb used to is followed by the base form of a verb. It describes actions that happened often or

regularly in the past but no longer happen. We form the interrogative and negative with did / didn’t.

We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young. (We don’t go now.)

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Past Simple

Past Simple

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We use the Past Simple:

• for actions that started and were completed at a specific time in the past.

We visited the British Museum two years ago.

• for habitual or repeated actions in the past.

I often studied in the library when I was a teenager.

• for completed actions that happened one after the other in the past.

Yesterday, I got back home from work, had dinner and went to bed.

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Some / Any / No / Every and their compounds

Some - Any - No - Every

• in affirmative sentences. There are some children in the park.

There is some water in the bottle.

• in questions, when we offer or ask for something politely. Would you like some orange juice?

Can I have some water, please?

• in questions. Is there any water in the bottle?

• in negative sentences. There aren’t any children in the park.

We use some:

We use any:

We use no:

• in affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning (= not any).

There’s no water in the bottle. (= There isn’t any water in the bottle).

• We use some, any, no with plural countable nouns and with uncountable nouns.

• We use every with singular countable nouns.

He knows every student in the school.

Compounds of some, any, no and every

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• These compounds always take singular

verbs and are not followed by nouns.

Someone is following me.

• We use the compounds of some, no

and every in affirmative sentences.

Everybody loves hanging out with Mark.

• We use the compounds of any in questions and negative sentences.

There isn’t anyone in the house.

Is there anyone in the house?

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Comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Comparative and Superlative Form

• We use the comparative form to compare two people, animals or things. Adjectives and adverbs are

usually followed by the word than.

Liam is shorter than James.

Abdulaziz runs faster than his brother.

• We use the superlative form to compare one person, animal or thing with several of the same

kind. Adjectives and adverbs always take the definite article the and are usually followed by the

preposition of or in.

Andy is the noisiest student in the class.

Hasna works the hardest of all her classmates.

Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative Form of adjectives:

• All one-syllable adjectives and most two-syllable adjectives take the endings –er in the

comparative form and –est in the superlative form.

small - smaller - smallest happy - happier - happiest

• We form the comparative of adjectives with three or more syllables (and some two-syllable

adjectives) with more + adjective and the superlative with most + adjective.

expensive - more expensive - most expensive modern - more modern - most modern

Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative Form of adverbs:

• All one-syllable adverbs and early take the endings –er in the comparative form and –est in the

superlative form.

fast - faster - fastest early - earlier - earliest

• We form the comparative of adverbs with two or more syllables with more + adverb and the

superlative with most + adverb.

beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully

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Other forms of comparison

• as + adjective/adverb + as

Khaled runs as fast as Yusef.

Mary cooks as badly as her sister.

• not as + adjective/adverb + as

Hana isn't as tall as Reema.

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Stative verbs

Stative Verbs usually express:

• senses: hear, smell, taste, see, etc.

• emotions: love, hate, like, prefer, want, etc.

• thought, knowledge, belief: think, know, remember, mean, understand, etc.

• various other states, such as: be, have (possess), cost, belong

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Present Simple vs Present Progressive

ملاحظة: الموضوع غير مكتمل جاري الاعداد

We use the Present Simple:

• for habits or actions that happen regularly.

I surf the Net every evening.

• for permanent states.

He lives in Jeddah.

• for general truths.

Tigers don’t live in Africa.

• for an action that takes place according to

a schedule.

The class finishes at 9 o’clock.

\\

We use the Present Progressive:

• for actions that are happening now, at the

moment of speaking.

Ameer is talking on the phone at the

moment.

• for temporary states.

I’m staying at my cousin’s house these

days.

• for future arrangements (we usually mention

when).

Mark is taking the train to Berlin tomorrow.

\\


=================


Conditional Sentences Type 1
• We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 to express something which is likely to happen in the
present or future.
• Conditional Sentences consist of the if-clause and the main clause. When the if-clause
is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. We do not use a
comma when the if clause is after the main clause.
If you come round this afternoon, I’ll give you your book back.
I’ll give you your book back if you come round this afternoon.

\\\\
Note: 
Unless can be used instead of if … not.
We’ll play football tomorrow unless it rains. (=We’ll play football tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.)

Time Clauses b (Present - Future)
Time clauses define when the action described in the main clause takes place. Time clauses begin with
the words when, after, before, as soon as, until, etc. When a time clause refers to the present or the
future, the verb is in the Present Simple and the verb in the main clause is in the Future Will. We don’t
use will in a time clause.

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

NOTE: 
When the time clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by
a comma. When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not
separated by a comma.
He will go out after he finishes his homework.


Both/All/Neither/None/Either
We use both:
• in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural
verb and it indicates that something is true
for two people or things.
Ameer and Khaled are from Saudi Arabia.
Both of them live in Riyadh.
They both live in Riyadh.

We use all:
• in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural verb
and it indicates that something is true for
more than two people or things.
Jack and his parents like skiing.
All of them like skiing.
They all like skiing.


NOTE:
Circle the correct words.
Alan So, did you bring any computer games?
Bill Yeah, I brought four so you can choose. Here...
Alan Sorry Bill, but I’ve played all four of these.
And they’re old and boring.
Bill Really? Now what? Let’s watch TV.
Alan I checked the TV guide. None of the
programmes are any good. I don’t want to
watch them.
Bill Hey, what about this documentary about
tigers?
Alan I didn’t see that. I like documentaries.
Bill Me too. Now let’s order something to eat.
Indian or Chinese?
Alan Either is fine.
Bill OK. Indian then.
1. All / None / Neither of the computer games Bill brought are new.
2. Neither / Either / Both of the boys want to watch the documentary.
3. Alan likes all / either / both Indian and Chinese food.
Both and all are usually followed by a noun or of + noun / pronoun. When they refer to the
subject of the sentence, they can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the
main verb but after the verb be.
All/Both (of) my classmates can speak French. My classmates can all/both speak French.
All/Both of them can speak French.


We use neither:
• in affirmative sentences to give them a
negative meaning. It takes a singular or
plural verb. It shows that something is not
true for either of two people or things.
Fred and Tom are lazy.
Neither of them exercises/exercise.

We use none:
• in affirmative sentences to give them a
negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural
verb. It shows that something is not true for
more than two people or things.
My friends and I are travelling to London next
week. None of us has/have ever been to
Great Britain before.

NOTE:
Neither and none are usually followed by of + noun / pronoun.
Neither/None of the children like chicken.
Neither/None of them like chicken.

\\\\\\\\\\\


====================
\\\\\\\\\\\\\

We use the Present Perfect Simple:
• for actions which happened in the past, but we don’t mention
when exactly.
I’ve tasted Chinese food.
• for actions which happened in the past and their results are
obvious in the present.
Tom has broken his left arm.
• for actions which were completed a short time ago (usually
with just).
I’m exhausted! I’ve just finished the housework.

\\\\\\

NOTE:
• Have / has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and is still there.
Saleh has gone to Taif. (He’s still there.)
• Have / has been means that someone has visited a place but has returned.
Saleh has been to London. (He’s not there now.)

=================

Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple

The Present Perfect Simple is used:
• for actions that happened in the past, but
we don’t mention when exactly.
I have already read that book.

\\\\

The Past Simple is used:
• for actions which happened at a specific
time in the past. We say when.
I read that book last month.

\\\\

NOTE:
• Ago is always used with the Past Simple.
I went hiking two weeks ago.
• Before (when it means on a previous occasion) is used with the Present Perfect Simple.
I’ve been hiking before.


for / since

for + a period of time:
• refers to the duration of the action.
I’ve known Jack for six years.
since + a point in time:
• refers to the time when the action started.
We’ve had this computer since 2009.
We use the Present Perfect Simple + since + Past Simple:
• to indicate when an action which started in the past and continues up to the present started.
Omar has lived here since he was born.

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test

طرق تدريس

ثم ⇪

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whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever

Use: 

Use these words to express 

it doesn’t matter who / what / when / where

She speaks to me whenever she sees me. 

Form:

wh-ever + subject + verb:

Wherever we go, we always find something of interest.

I’ll do whatever you ask.

wh-ever + verb:

Whoever wrote that book must be very intelligent!

Whatever happens in the election, there will be some changes.

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past time clauses

past time clauses

Use:

Use the past perfect to talk about an action that took place before another action (in the past simple),

and link them with when or after. After we had eaten lunch, we relaxed on the beach for an hour.

Form:

The past perfect = subject + had + past participle

//

Use:

Use the past simple to talk about an action happening while a longer one was in progress

(in the past continuous), and link them with when or while.

I was waiting at the bus stop when the two cars crashed.

Form:

The past continuous = subject + was / were + -ing form

//

Language assistant

We use when to introduce either the shorter action or the longer one. We use while to

introduce only the longer one.

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connectors

connectors

Use: 

Form: We use connectors for the following reasons:• to indicate sequence, use then, He opened the door. After that, he went out. next, after that, in the end, a decade (day, week, month) later, etc.• to add a similar idea, use also, They found it very difficult. In addition, they were exhausted. in addition, furthermore, etc.• to give an opposing idea, use however, This is a problem. However, I think we can solve it. but, although, in spite of, etc.• to talk about cause and effect, use The taxi was very late. As a result, we missed our flight. therefore, as a result, etc.

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Future perfect

Future perfect

Use:

The future perfect is used to say that something will have happened at or before (by) a certain time in the future.

Form:

will + perfect infinitive 

She’ll have finished her course by May.

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Connectives

connectors

Use:

Connectors are used to join ideas together and make longer sentences. They can be grouped into those with

similar basic meanings, e.g.

Contrast: although, however, but

Result: so, therefore, because

Condition: if, unless, only if

Form:

Connectors usually combine two clauses. Notice that some are placed either between or in front of the clauses.

He was angry. He didn’t shout.

He was angry but he didn’t shout.

Although he was angry, he didn’t shout.

He was angry. However, he didn’t shout.

Language assistant

Do not use two connectors with the same function together.

Although he was angry, but he didn’t shout. ✘

Language assistant
So (or therefore) and because have the same essential meaning but work differently in a sentence.
He was hungry so he had a sandwich.
He had a sandwich because he was hungry.
He was hungry, therefore he had a sandwich.

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لغويات Linguistics

 Linguistics: is the scientific study of language, including the sounds, words and grammar rules.

اللغويات هي الدراسة العلمية للغة، بما في ذلك الأصوات والكلمات والقواعد النحوية.

The origins of language أصول اللغة

The Development Of Writing تطور الكتابة

 The Properties Of Language  خصائص اللغة

The Sounds of Language  (phonetics) أصوات اللغة

The Sound Patterns of Language أنماط أصوات اللغة

Words and word-formation processes الكلمات و عملية صياغة الكلمة

Morphology علم الصرف

Phrases and Sentences الجُمَل والعِبارات

Syntax عِلْمُ تَرْكِيبِ الكَلام , قواعد التركيب

Semantics علم المعاني

Pragmatics  دراسة إستعمال اللّغة  

Discourse Analysis تحليل الخطاب

Language And Machines اللغة والآلات

Language and the brain اللغة و الدماغ

First language acquisition اكتساب اللغة الأولى

Second Language acquisition / learning  تعلم واكتساب اللغة الثانية

Sign Language  لغة الإشارة

Language History and Change تاريخ اللغة وتغيرها

Language Varieties تنوع اللغة

Language, society and culture  اللغة, والمجتمع, والثقافة

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مرساة إلى نفس الصفحة

السطر التالي هو اللي المفروض تحت في النص لانه مو رابط, هوية فقط

<div id="anchor-name">Heading Text</div>

and refer to it later with

<a href="http://server/page.html#anchor-name">Link text</a>

يعني

<a href="رابط الصفحة اللي احنا فيها#title-name">Link text</a>

مثال:

<div id="1">Heading Text</div> and refer to it later with <a href="http://server/page.html#1">Link text</a>

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